Upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs) are a unique ability to convert near-infrared (NIR) light into higher-energy visible light. This characteristic has prompted extensive exploration in diverse fields, including biomedical imaging, treatment, and optoelectronics. However, the possible toxicity of UCNPs poses substantial concerns that necessitate tho

Chemical formulas serve the composition of matter. Grasping these formulas provides a fundamental framework for studying the diverse world of chemistry. They encode information about the species of atoms present in a compound, as well as their relative quantities. A chemical formula can simply show the arrangement of atoms within a molecule, provi